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Well: A Clutter Too Deep for Mere Bins and Shelves
By TARA PARKER-POPE, The New York Times, January 1, 2008

After the holidays, many shoppers load up their carts with storage bins, shelving systems and color-coded containers, all in a resolute quest to get organized for the new year.
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When Hospitals Kept Children From Parents
By HOWARD MARKEL, M.D., The New York Times, January 1, 2008

Early one morning, I visited my daughter’s 5-year-old friend Eddie, who was laid up in the hospital the night after an emergency appendectomy. Understandably, Eddie looked miserable. Just as understandably, so did his parents, who were still in their pajamas in a fold-out cot next to his bed.

At every children’s hospital across the nation, at just about any time of day or night, you are likely to see at least as many parents as patients.

These days, it seems obvious that seriously ill children need their parents beside them during a hospitalization. Yet unlimited parental visiting hours are relatively new in American hospitals. In 1894, Boston Children’s Hospital had only two “visiting days for parents” per week, 11 a.m. to noon on Wednesdays and 3 to 4 p.m. on Sundays (fathers only). At Massachusetts General Hospital in 1910, homesick children who cried too much for their parents were moved to isolation wards so as not to disturb the other patients.
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Killing Dogs in Training of Doctors Is to End
By NICHOLAS BAKALAR, The New York Times, January 1, 2008

By next month, all American medical schools will have abandoned a time-honored method of teaching cardiology: operating on dogs to examine their beating hearts, and disposing of them after the lesson.
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Can They Stay Out of Harm’s Way?
By J. MADELEINE NASH, The New York Times, January 1, 2008

The morning was just starting to heat up when a biologist, Ricardo Costa, set out to look for jaguars on Fazenda San Francisco, a 30,000-acre cattle ranch, rice farm and wildlife reserve in the region of southwest Brazil known as the Pantanal.

Soon, along a fringe of scrubby woodland, Mr. Costa spotted a young male jaguar lazing in sun-flecked shade. “It’s Orelha,” he whispered, pointing out the tear in the animal’s right orelha, or ear.

As Mr. Costa watched from the driver’s seat of a Toyota truck, the animal stretched and yawned, exposing teeth strong enough to crunch through the skull of almost anything. “Wonderful!” he said.

The jaguar, Panthera onca — the largest cat in the Americas and the third largest in the world — still prowls the rangelands of the Pantanal, a 74,000-square-mile mosaic of rivers, forests and seasonally flooded savannas that spill from Brazil into neighboring Bolivia and Paraguay.

From the jaguar’s perspective, this vast, wildlife-rich area probably seems close to a slice of heaven — or, at least it would if the big cats were not routinely hunted down in retaliation for cattle losses.
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The Way We Live Now: Our Decrepit Food Factories
By MICHAEL POLLAN, The New York Times, December 16, 2007

The word “sustainability” has gotten such a workout lately that the whole concept is in danger of floating away on a sea of inoffensiveness. Everybody, it seems, is for it whatever “it” means. On a recent visit to a land-grant university’s spanking-new sustainability institute, I asked my host how many of the school’s faculty members were involved. She beamed: When letters went out asking who on campus was doing research that might fit under that rubric, virtually everyone replied in the affirmative. What a nice surprise, she suggested. But really, what soul working in agricultural science today (or for that matter in any other field of endeavor) would stand up and be counted as against sustainability? When pesticide makers and genetic engineers cloak themselves in the term, you have to wonder if we haven’t succeeded in defining sustainability down, to paraphrase the late Senator Moynihan, and if it will soon possess all the conceptual force of a word like “natural” or “green” or “nice.”

Confucius advised that if we hoped to repair what was wrong in the world, we had best start with the “rectification of the names.” The corruption of society begins with the failure to call things by their proper names, he maintained, and its renovation begins with the reattachment of words to real things and precise concepts. So what about this much-abused pair of names, sustainable and unsustainable?

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A replica of the fossil found in a quarry in Turkey, right. A stylus points to lesions from tuberculosis.

Signs of TB in Ancient Skull Support Theory on Vitamin D
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, The New York Times, December 18, 2007

In the disease-scarred bones of a Homo erectus from Turkey, scientists have found evidence of a peril that human ancestors encountered in their migrations out of Africa: tuberculosis.

Paleontologists examining small lesions etched inside the 500,000-year-old skull said this was the earliest known sign of a form of tuberculosis that attacks the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain. Previously, the earliest physical traces of TB were only a few thousand years old, in mummies from Egypt and pre-Columbian Peru.

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National Park Plans to Cull Its Herd of Elk
By KIRK JOHNSON, The New York Times, December 16, 2007

DENVER — The elk population that roams and sometimes rampages through the delicate landscape of Rocky Mountain National Park is out of control and will be reduced through a program that will use sharpshooters to cull the herd, park officials said last week.

The plan, which is expected to receive final approval by the National Park Service next month, would involve killing up to 200 of the animals each year beginning in 2009.

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The Soul of a New Vaccine
By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr., The New York Times, December 11, 2007

ROCKVILLE, Md. — The sign on the wall reads “Emergency Response Procedures for a Mosquito Release.”

Among them are “Do Not Leave the Room or Open Any Doors!!!” and “Do Not Panic!”

Everything in the room is white, including the lab coats and surgical masks — for sterility, yes, but also the better to see a mosquito. Hanging next to the sign, in vivid Coast Guard orange, is the last line of defense, a brace of fly swatters.

This room, the mosquito dissection lab, in an unassuming biotech park in the Washington suburbs, is at the heart of one of the most controversial ideas in vaccine science.

Sanaria Inc. (meaning “healthy air,” a play on the Italian “mal’aria” or “bad air”) is making a vaccine the old-fashioned way, more or less as Louis Pasteur did.

Avoiding modern recombinant DNA technology that injects tiny fragments of parasite protein to prime an immune response, Sanaria uses the whole parasite, extracted by hand from the mosquito’s salivary glands, and weakened so it cannot multiply.

Pasteur weakened rabies and anthrax bacilli by air drying them. Sanaria uses gamma rays.
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Warming Trends: In Duck Blinds, Visions of Global Warming
By WILLIAM YARDLEY, The New York Times, December 11, 2007

RICH HILL, Mo. — After 32 years of hunting ducks in the wetlands of Missouri, Chuck Geier knows when temperatures will drop and waters will freeze. That means he also knows when the birds will fly and hunting will be best.

Except that much of what he knows is now in question.

“It used to be by Dec. 6, this place was frozen,” said Mr. Geier, 51, a national sales manager for a telecommunications company. “That’s not true anymore.”

From the “prairie potholes” of Canada and the upper Midwest to the destination states of Arkansas and Louisiana, the rhythms of the cross-continental migratory bird route known as the Mississippi Flyway are changing.

In Missouri, where the average winter temperature has been rising, hunters say birds are arriving later and sticking around longer before bolting for warmer redoubts. Elsewhere, wetlands are not freezing over the way they once did.

As hunters point their shotguns toward the sky and fire, a question echoes in the spent powder: what is up with the ducks?

“People say it’s cycles, every five to seven years, but it’s just been too long,” Mr. Geier said of the warming trend, which he traces to the late 1990s. “It’s a wake-up call.”
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Teenage Birth Rate Rises for First Time Since ’91
By GARDINER HARRIS, The New York Times, December 6, 2007

WASHINGTON, Dec. 5 — The birth rate among teenagers 15 to 19 in the United States rose 3 percent in 2006, according to a report issued Wednesday, the first such increase since 1991. The finding surprised scholars and fueled a debate about whether the Bush administration’s abstinence-only sexual education efforts are working.

The federal government spends $176 million annually on such programs. But a landmark study recently failed to demonstrate that they have any effect on delaying sexual activity among teenagers, and some studies suggest that they may actually increase pregnancy rates.

“Spending tens of million of tax dollars each year on programs that hurt our children is bad medicine and bad public policy,” said Dr. David A. Grimes, vice president of Family Health International, a nonprofit reproductive health organization based in North Carolina.

Robert Rector, a senior research fellow with the Heritage Foundation, said that blaming abstinence-only programs was “stupid.” Mr. Rector said that most young women who became pregnant were highly educated about contraceptives but wanted to have babies.
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Essay: A Growing Debate Over Folic Acid in Flour
By DARSHAK M. SANGHAVI, M.D., The New York Times, December 4, 2007

Every year, an estimated 200,000 children around the world are born with crippling defects of the spinal column. Many are paralyzed or permanently impaired by spina bifida; some, with a condition called anencephaly (literally, “no brain”), survive in a vegetative state.

It is a stubborn and terrible problem, in the developed and developing worlds alike. But many experts believe it could be greatly eased by a simple government measure: requiring that flour be fortified with the dietary supplement folic acid, which has been shown to prevent these neural tube defects if taken by expectant mothers from before conception through the first trimester.

The debate over folic acid is a familiar one, and Americans could be excused for thinking it was over. Since 1998, the federal government has required that almost all flour be fortified with the supplement.

But in fact, the requirement has meant women receive an average extra dose of just 100 micrograms of folic acid a day — far below the levels that have been shown in studies to prevent spina bifida and other neural tube defects. For more than a decade, the Food and Drug Administration has resisted calls to require that the amount be doubled.
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Official Leaves Post as Texas Prepares to Debate Science Education Standards
By RALPH BLUMENTHAL, The New York Times, December 3, 2007

HOUSTON, Dec. 2 — After 27 years as a science teacher and 9 years as the Texas Education Agency’s director of science, Christine Castillo Comer said she did not think she had to remain “neutral” about teaching the theory of evolution.

“It’s not just a good idea; it’s the law,” said Ms. Comer, citing the state’s science curriculum.

But now Ms. Comer, 56, of Austin, is out of a job, after forwarding an e-mail message on a talk about evolution and creationism — “a subject on which the agency must remain neutral,” according to a dismissal letter last month that accused her of various instances of “misconduct and insubordination” and of siding against creationism and the doctrine that life is the product of “intelligent design.”
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Environmental Groups Cutting Catalog Stacks
By MARIA ASPAN, The New York Times, November 19, 2007

Consumers who curse the growing stacks of holiday catalogs in their mailboxes have a new alternative: a coalition of environmental groups has introduced a free Web site, CatalogChoice.org, that allows people to remove themselves from more than 1,000 mailing lists.
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U.N. to Say It Overstated H.I.V. Cases by Millions
By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr., The New York Times, November 20, 2007

The United Nations’ AIDS-fighting agency plans to issue a report today acknowledging that it overestimated the size of the epidemic and that new infections with the deadly virus have been dropping each year since they peaked in the late 1990s.

The agency, Unaids, will lower the number of people it believes are infected worldwide, to 33.2 million from the 39.5 million it estimated late last year.
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Really? The Claim: White Meat Is Healthier Than Dark Meat
By ANAHAD O’CONNOR, The New York Times, November 20, 2007

THE FACTS

As Americans carve up their Thanksgiving turkeys this year, an age-old question will come into play: dark meat or white?

Health authorities have long advocated choosing white meat, saying it contains less fat and fewer calories. But the nutritional differences between the two are not so great.
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Observatory: Katrina’s Damage to Trees May Alter Carbon Balance
By HENRY FOUNTAIN, The New York Times, November 20, 2007

The world knows the kind of destruction that Hurricane Katrina brought to New Orleans and other cities and towns on the Gulf Coast.

But destruction of a different sort is the subject of a study in the journal Science by Jeffrey Q. Chambers of Tulane University and colleagues. They report that the storm uprooted or severely damaged roughly 320 million trees, making an impact on the carbon balance in the region.
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Harvard World Health News Highlights:

 U.S. Sets Record in Sexual Disease Cases
(Associated Press, November 13, 2007)
"More than 1 million cases of chlamydia were reported in the United States last year -- the most ever reported for a sexually transmitted disease, federal health officials said Tuesday…More bad news: Gonorrhea rates are jumping again after hitting a record low, and an increasing number of cases are caused by a 'superbug' version resistant to common antibiotics, federal officials said Tuesday."

Study Debunks Theory On Teen Sex, Delinquency
Rick Weiss (The Washington Post, November 11, 2007)
"Researchers at Ohio State University garnered little attention in February when they found that youngsters who lose their virginity earlier than their peers are more likely to become juvenile delinquents. So obvious and well established was the contribution of early sex to later delinquency that the idea was already part of the required curriculum for federal 'abstinence only' programs. There was just one problem: It is probably not true. Other things being equal, a more probing study has found, youngsters who have consensual sex in their early-teen or even preteen years are, if anything, less likely to engage in delinquent behavior later on." Free registration required. 

Smokers Go for Broke While Quitters Save
(Sydney Morning Herald, November 14, 2007)
"Quitting smoking might be hard but it keeps people from going broke, a study of almost 2000 Australians has found. The study, by the Cancer Council Victoria's Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, has for the first time measured the financial consequences of quitting smoking. It found that those who quit were 42 per cent less likely to experience financial stress than those who kept smoking."

Washington: Court Halts State's Plan B Pill Rule
Paul Shukovsky (The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 9, 2007)
"Pharmacists in Washington no longer will be required to dispense 'morning-after' birth control pills if they have religious objections, at least for the time being."

Meat Treatment Got Approval Despite Safety Concerns
Rick Weiss (The Washington Post, November 14, 2007)
"The Agriculture Department in 2004 gave the green light to using carbon monoxide gas to keep older cuts of meat looking red and fresh, even though scientists at the two companies promoting the technology had questioned the validity of their own safety tests, congressional investigators revealed yesterday." Free registration required. 

Drugs for ADHD 'Not the Answer'
(BBC News Online, November 12, 2007)
"Treating children who have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with drugs is not effective in the long-term, research has shown. A study obtained by the BBC's Panorama programme says drugs such as Ritalin and Concerta work no better than therapy after three years of treatment."

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Basics: In Hollywood Hives, the Males Rule
By NATALIE ANGIER, The New York Times, November 13, 2007

In his new animated film, Jerry Seinfeld plays Barry B. Benson, a wisecracking, moony-eyed, charmingly petulant New York honeybee who doesn’t want to spend his days as a worker bee stuck on the honeymaking assembly line. “You know, Dad, the more I think about it,” Barry says, “maybe the honey field just isn’t right for me.” To which his father, a proud, lifelong “honey stirrer,” snaps: “And you were thinking of, what, making balloon animals? That’s a bad job for a guy with a stinger!”

Swell comeback, Pop, but your son has a point, starting with the posterior one he shouldn’t have in the first place. Isn’t Barry supposed to be a he bee? Well, male honeybees don’t have stingers, for the simple anatomical reason that a bee’s stinger is a modified version of an ovipositor, the distinctly feminine organ through which a female insect lays her eggs.

Barry is absolutely right, however, to doubt his fitness for the honey trade. In the real world, every job on a beehive’s spreadsheet — foraging for nectar and pollen, fanning nectar into honey, fawning over the queen, squirting out wax, battling off bears, tossing out the trash and dead bees — is performed by a cast of workers that is homogeneously female. Sterile, yes, with stingers where their egg-laying tubes should be, but female nonetheless.

By bowdlerizing the basic complexion of a great insect society, Mr. Seinfeld’s “Bee Movie” follows in the well-pheromoned path of Woody Allen as a whiny worker ant in “Antz” and Dave Foley playing a klutzy forager ant in “A Bug’s Life.” Maybe it’s silly to fault cartoons for biological inaccuracies when the insects are already talking like Chris Rock and wearing Phyllis Diller hats. But isn’t it bad enough that in Hollywood’s animated family fare about rats, clownfish, penguins, lions, hyenas and other relatively large animals, the overwhelming majority of characters are male, despite nature’s preferred sex ratio of roughly 50-50? Must even obligately female creatures like worker bees and soldier ants be given sex change surgery, too? Besides, there’s no need to go with the faux: the life of an authentic male social insect is thrilling, poignant and cartoonish enough.
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Challenges to Both Left and Right on Global Warming
By ANDREW C. REVKIN, The New York Times, November 13, 2007

For many years, the battle over what to think and do about human-caused climate change and fossil fuels has been waged mostly as a yelling match between the political and environmental left and the right.

The left says global warming is a real-time crisis requiring swift curbs on smokestack and tailpipe gases that trap heat, and that big oil, big coal and antiregulatory conservatives are trashing the planet.

The right says global warming is somewhere between a hoax and a minor irritant, and argues that liberals’ thirst for top-down regulations will drive American wealth to developing countries and turn off the fossil-fueled engine powering the economy.

Some books mirror the divide, like the recent “Field Notes from a Catastrophe,” built on a trio of articles in The New Yorker by Elizabeth Kolbert, and “The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming” by Chris Horner, a lawyer for the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Ms. Kolbert sounds a strong warning call, and Mr. Horner’s book fits with the position of the institute, a libertarian and largely industry-backed group that strongly opposes limits on greenhouse gases.

But in three other recent books, there seems to be a bit of a warming trend between the two camps. Instead of bashing old foes, the authors, all influential voices in the climate debate with roots on the left or the right, tend to chide their own political brethren and urge a move to the pragmatic center on climate and energy.
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Essay: Old Story, Updated: Better Living Through Pills
By KEITH WAILOO, The New York Times, November 13, 2007

Athletes taking performance-enhancing drugs. Growing concern about a reliance on pills for relief from pain, stress and anxiety. Medical leaders alarmed about drug fads, calling on doctors to exercise restraint when prescribing.

Headlines from 2007? Try 1957. Today, the drugs are OxyContin, steroids and Ritalin. Fifty years ago, they were tranquilizers, sedatives and amphetamines: America was a Cold War nation in need of both pep and relief.

And while the context is different today (we have a larger and more complex array of drugs), the underlying issues are unchanged: Americans, athletes as well as nonathletes, grappled then as now with the proper role of drugs in their lives.
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Redesigning a Condom So Women Will Use It
By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr., The New York Times, November 13, 2007

The female condom has never caught on in the United States. But in the third world, where it was introduced in the late 1990s, public health workers hoped it would overthrow the politics of the bedroom, empower women and stop the AIDS epidemic in its tracks.

It did not. Female condoms never really caught on there, either.

Only about 12 million female condoms are delivered each year in poor countries, compared with about 6 billion male condoms. Couples complained that the female version was awkward, unsightly, noisy and slippery — or, as Mitchell Warren, who was one of its earliest champions, now says, “the yuck factor was a problem.” Many women tried it, but in the end, it was adopted mainly by prostitutes.

Now scientists are trying again. A new design — much the same at one end, different at the other — has been developed, and its makers hope it will succeed where its predecessor failed.
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Telling the Stories Behind the Abortions
By CORNELIA DEAN, The New York Times, November 6, 2007

Dr. Susan Wicklund took her first step toward the front line of the abortion wars when she was in her early 20s, a high school graduate with a few community college credits, working dead-end jobs.

She became pregnant. She had an abortion. It was legal, but it was ghastly.

Her counseling, she recalls, was limited to instructions to pay in advance, in cash, and to go to the emergency room if she had a problem. During the procedure itself, her every question drew the same response: “Shut up!”

Determined that other women should have better reproductive care, she began work as an apprentice midwife and eventually finished college, earned a medical degree and started a practice in which she spends about 90 percent of her time on abortion services. Much of her work is in underserved regions on the Western plains, at clinics that she visits by plane.

In her forthcoming book “This Common Secret: My Journey as an Abortion Doctor” (Public Affairs), Dr. Wicklund describes her work, the circumstances that lead her patients to choose abortion, and the barriers — lack of money, lack of providers, violence in the home or protesters at clinics — that stand in their way.
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Rethinking What Caused the Last Mass Extinction
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, The New York Times, November 6, 2007

FREEHOLD, N.J. — Splashing through a shallow creek in suburban New Jersey, the paleontologists stepped back 65 million years to the time of the last mass extinction, the one notable for the demise of the dinosaurs.

The stream flows over sediment laid down toward the end of geology’s Cretaceous period. The clay at water level holds meaningful traces of iridium, the element more common in asteroids and other extraterrestrial objects than in the earth. No one could resist sticking a finger to the clay, treating it as a touchstone of their time travel.
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Shining Light on Diseases Often in the Shadows
By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr., The New York Times, November 6, 2007

When is a neglected disease no longer “neglected”?

A new online medical journal devoted to neglected tropical diseases was founded last week, and the first task its editors faced was choosing which ailments to snub.

By and large, germs were out, worms were in, and fungi and skin parasites had a shot.
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Scientist at Work | John Holcomb: Army’s Aggressive Surgeon Is Too Aggressive for Some
By ALEX BERENSON, The New York Times, November 6, 2007

SAN ANTONIO — Since the war in Iraq began, Col. John Holcomb has been working to change the way the military takes care of its wounded.

Along the way he has suffered a few dings himself.
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Well: Germ Fighters May Lead to Hardier Germs
By TARA PARKER-POPE, The New York Times, October 30, 2007

Reports of schoolchildren dying from infections with drug-resistant bacteria are enough to send parents on an antimicrobial cleaning frenzy.

But before you start waging your own personal war on single-celled organisms, be warned. Many household and personal cleaners contain ingredients that could make the resistance problem worse.
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Behavior: How to Figure Out When Therapy Is Over
By RICHARD A. FRIEDMAN, M.D., The New York Times, October 30, 2007

If you think it’s hard to end a relationship with a lover or spouse, try breaking up with your psychotherapist.

A writer friend of mine recently tried and found it surprisingly difficult. Several months after landing a book contract, she realized she was in trouble.

“I was completely paralyzed and couldn’t write,” she said, as I recall. “I had to do something right away, so I decided to get myself into psychotherapy.”

What began with a simple case of writer’s block turned into seven years of intensive therapy.

Over all, she found the therapy very helpful. She finished a second novel and felt that her relationship with her husband was stronger. When she broached the topic of ending treatment, her therapist strongly resisted, which upset the patient. “Why do I need therapy,” she wanted to know, “if I’m feeling good?”

Millions of Americans are in psychotherapy, and my friend’s experience brings up two related, perplexing questions. How do you know when you are healthy enough to say goodbye to your therapist? And how should a therapist handle it?
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Observatory: Neanderthal Bones Make a Case for Redheads
By HENRY FOUNTAIN, The New York Times, October 30, 2007

An artist painting a Neanderthal portrait would be pretty well stumped. Just bones exist of this hominid species, which lived in Europe and Asia and became extinct 30,000 years ago. So other than some general anatomical features — a large nose and heavy brow among them — not much is known about how they looked.

But by analyzing DNA from some of those old bones, European researchers have helped fill in the picture. Some Neanderthals, they suggest in a study published online by Science, were fair-skinned and redheaded.
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Logging Is Part of a Plan to Preserve Adirondacks
By ANTHONY DePALMA, The New York Times, October 29, 2007

ADIRONDACK FOREST PRESERVE — Late in the year, when the campers are gone but the hunters have not yet arrived, timber trucks rule Boreas Road in the heart of the Adirondacks, barging through the morning mists with 70,000 pounds of fresh-cut fir and spruce strapped to their backs.

“That’s one of ours,” said Michael T. Carr, a 44-year-old bear of a man driving a green S.U.V. headed west on Boreas Road as one of the timber trucks barreled eastward.

That is a jarring statement coming from Mr. Carr, who is not a lumber man, or paper company executive, but executive director of the Adirondack chapter of the Nature Conservancy, one of the world’s biggest environmental groups and, since June, the owner of 161,000 acres of highly prized Adirondack wild lands.
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Many Red Flags Preceded a Recall of Hamburger
By CHRISTOPHER DREW and ANDREW MARTIN, The New York Times, October 23, 2007

ELIZABETH, N.J. — Over the summer, as Americans fired up their grills, the Topps Meat factory here scrambled to produce thousands of frozen hamburger patties for Wal-Mart and other customers, putting intense pressure on workers.

As output rose, federal regulators said in interviews, the company was neglecting critical safeguards meant to protect consumers. Three big batches of hamburger contaminated with a potentially deadly germ emerged from the plant, making at least 40 people sick and prompting the second-largest beef recall in history.

Topps is now out of business, but the case points up broader problems in the nation’s system for protecting consumers from food-borne illness.
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Citing Global Warming, Kansas Denies Plant Permit
By MATTHEW L. WALD, The New York Times, October 20, 2007

A Kansas regulator has turned down a permit for a large coal-fired power plant solely because of the global warming gases it would emit.

Opponents of the plant say this is the first instance of a regulatory agency’s rejecting a permit for that reason alone.
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Environmental Laws Waived to Press Work on Border Fence
By JULIA PRESTON, The New York Times, October 23, 2007

Michael Chertoff, the homeland security secretary, waived several environmental laws yesterday to continue building a border fence through a national conservation area in Arizona, bypassing a federal court ruling that had suspended the fence construction.
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The Elderly Always Sleep Worse, and Other Myths of Aging
By GINA KOLATA, The New York Times, October 23, 2007

As every sleep researcher knows, the surest way to hear complaints about sleep is to ask the elderly.

“Older people complain more about their sleep; they just do,” said Dr. Michael Vitiello, a sleep researcher who is a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington.

And for years, sleep scientists thought they knew what was going on: sleep starts to deteriorate in late middle age and steadily erodes from then on. It seemed so obvious that few thought to question the prevailing wisdom.

Now, though, new research is leading many to change their minds. To researchers’ great surprise, it turns out that sleep does not change much from age 60 on. And poor sleep, it turns out, is not because of aging itself, but mostly because of illnesses or the medications used to treat them.
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Op-Ed Columnist: The Green-Collar Solution
By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN, The New York Times, October 17, 2007

Van Jones is a rare bird. He’s a black social activist in Oakland, Calif., and as green an environmentalist as they come. He really gets passionate, and funny, when he talks about what it’s like to be black and green:

“Try this experiment. Go knock on someone’s door in West Oakland, Watts or Newark and say: ‘We gotta really big problem!’ They say: ‘We do? We do?’ ‘Yeah, we gotta really big problem!’ ‘We do? We do?’ ‘Yeah, we gotta save the polar bears! You may not make it out of this neighborhood alive, but we gotta save the polar bears!’”

Mr. Jones then just shakes his head. You try that approach on people without jobs who live in neighborhoods where they’ve got a lot better chance of getting killed by a passing shooter than a melting glacier, you’re going to get nowhere — and without bringing America’s underclass into the green movement, it’s going to get nowhere, too.

“We need a different on-ramp” for people from disadvantaged communities, says Mr. Jones. “The leaders of the climate establishment came in through one door and now they want to squeeze everyone through that same door. It’s not going to work. If we want to have a broad-based environmental movement, we need more entry points.”
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The Smoke is Small, but Not the Risk
Sumathi Reddy (The Baltimore Sun, October 9, 2007)
"They are small, prevalent and cheap, sometimes flavored and even sold individually. And they have fewer restrictions than cigarettes. Black & Mild cigars -- found at most city convenience shops and drugstores -- are smoked by nearly a quarter of 18- to 24-year-old African-Americans in Baltimore, according to a city Health Department report to be released today...Baltimore health officials and Hopkins researchers believe that many young people are unaware that Black & Milds -- which come in flavors such as apple, cream and wine -- pose the same health risks as, or potentially more than cigarettes."

U.K.: Confusion Over Advice on Alcohol for Pregnant Women
Sarah Boseley (The Guardian, London, October 11, 2007)
"Pregnant women face more confusion about the safety of drinking alcohol after draft guidelines published yesterday suggested a glass a day does no harm. The draft from the government's standards-setting body, the National Institute for Healthcare and Clinical Excellence (Nice), runs directly counter to official government advice. In May, the Department of Health urged women to abstain completely from alcohol during pregnancy." Free registration required.

A Positive Word About the Pill
Opinion (Chicago Tribune, October 7, 2007)
"Out of the mishmash of hormone studies researchers have been serving up lately comes some good news: Birth control pills do not cause cancer. According to a 36-year survey of some 46,000 British women, use of oral contraceptives may actually reduce a woman's risk of developing cancer unless she takes them for more than eight years. The findings should be comforting to the hundreds of millions of women who have taken the Pill, which was developed in the 1960s and is considered the most effective method of preventing pregnancy." Free registration required.

Study: U.S. Children Get Needed Healthcare Less than Half the Time
(Associated Press, October 11, 2007)
"As Washington debates children's health insurance, a startling study finds that children who regularly see doctors get the right care less than half the time - whether it's preschool shots or chlamydia tests for teen girls. The findings, from the first comprehensive look at children's healthcare quality, are particularly troubling because nearly all the 1,536 children in the nationwide study had insurance."

Anxiety Can Hit Kids Who Have Food Allergies
Sara Schaefer Munoz (The Star-Telegram, Texas, October 9, 2007)
"As the number of children diagnosed with life-threatening food allergies grows, so does an insidious side effect: the extreme anxiety they can develop around eating, socializing or even a trip to the supermarket...Mental-health experts and doctors say most food-allergic children have some anxieties about accidental ingestion but successfully manage them and lead normal lives. For others, worries can become crippling."

Scientists Say Chronic Lyme Disease Doesn't Exist
Delthia Ricks (Newsday, October 9, 2007)
"In what is becoming one of the most heated debates in medicine, doctors, scientists and patients are lining up on two sides of a discourse about Lyme disease, an infectious condition whose incidence has risen sharply in recent years. A prestigious group of physicians and scientists says there is no evidence that chronic Lyme disease exists, and that patients may be doing themselves more harm than good by undergoing prolonged antibiotic therapy."

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Op-Ed Contributor: Nice Shot
By JESSICA SNYDER SACHS, The New York Times, October 10, 2007

IT’S flu season, and health agencies have expanded their flu shot recommendations to include all children ages 6 months to 5 years in addition to adults over age 50, and anyone, child or adult, with a chronic condition like severe allergies, asthma or diabetes.

More parents than ever before — nearly 65 percent — intend to vaccinate their young children this year, according to a poll by the University of Michigan. But that leaves more than a third unenthusiastic about doing so. Their reluctance may reflect not only weariness with the increasing number of childhood immunizations but also the widespread sentiment that colds and flus are a “natural” part of childhood, even vital for toughening up a developing immune system.

Some parents have come to embrace colds and flus, and in recent years we’ve seen a resurgence of the chickenpox party, where parents deliberately expose their preschoolers to infected playmates on the theory that it’s better to get the disease than to have the vaccine.

But the idea that illness is good for children — or anyone else — is wrong. In part, the idea of “good sickness” is a throwback to a now disproved version of the “hygiene hypothesis.”
Read More )
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Distribution of Nets Splits Malaria Fighters
By REUBEN KYAMA and DONALD G. McNEIL Jr., The New York Times, October 9, 2007

MAENDELEO, Kenya — Veronica Njeri, 45, says she has “never healed” since losing two of her six children to malaria 20 years ago, and she still feels vulnerable. While her oldest are adults or teenagers, and have presumably built up immunity to the disease, she worries about her youngest, Anthony, who is 4.

But since hundreds of free mosquito nets came to Maendeleo, her rice-farming village in west-central Kenya, “malaria epidemics have become rare,” she said happily, even though the village sits amid stagnant paddies where swarms of mosquitoes breed.

Villages like Maendeleo are at the center of a debate that has split malaria fighters: how to distribute mosquito nets.
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Essay: In a Lifetime of Sickle Cell, the Evolution of a Disease
By BARRON H. LERNER, M.D., The New York Times, October 9, 2007

Most sickle cell anemia patients do not live long enough to span generations of doctors. But Gladys Jacobs was around when I was a medical resident in the 1980s, and she is around now.

Her career — as a patient and an activist — demonstrates how the understanding of sickle cell disease has changed.

Gladys’s condition was initially misdiagnosed, as was all too common for sickle cell cases in the early ’60s. It was not until then, as the historian Keith Wailoo writes in “Dying in the City of the Blues” (University of North Carolina Press, 2001), that the disease “found its way into the public consciousness.”

When Gladys went to doctors complaining of joint aches, which were the common painful crises characteristic of sickle cell disease, she was met with skepticism. Doctors, she recalls, called her a faker.
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In the Battle Against Cancer, Researchers Find Hope in a Toxic Wasteland
By CHRISTOPHER MAAG, The New York Times, October 9, 2007

BUTTE, Mont. — Death sits on the east side of this city, a 40-billion-gallon pit filled with corrosive water the color of a scab. On the opposite side sits the small laboratory of Don and Andrea Stierle, whose stacks of plastic Petri dishes are smeared with organisms pulled from the pit. Early tests indicate that some of those organisms may help produce the next generation of cancer drugs.
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In NASA’s Sterile Areas, Plenty of Robust Bacteria
By WARREN E. LEARY, The New York Times, October 9, 2007

WASHINGTON, Oct. 6 — Researchers have found a surprising diversity of hardy bacteria in a seemingly unlikely place — the so-called sterile clean rooms where NASA assembles its spacecraft and prepares them for launching.

Samples of air and surfaces in the clean rooms at three National Aeronautics and Space Administration centers revealed surprising numbers and types of robust bacteria that appear to resist normal sterilization procedures, according to a newly published study.
Read More )
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Fallacies on Breast Cancer Persist
Judy Peres (Chicago Tribune, October 1, 2007)
"As the U.S. enters National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, a new survey suggests raising awareness of the disease is a misplaced priority. The vast majority of women already consider themselves quite knowledgeable about the disease, which is expected to kill 40,000 women in the U.S. this year. But their ‘knowledge’ often includes more myth than fact, the survey found."
Free registration required.

Contaminant Levels Dropping Among Arctic Mothers, Blood Studies Show
Bob Weber (The Globe and Mail, Toronto, September 29, 2007)
“A new study has found that levels of contaminants, including lead, mercury and PCBs, are all dropping in the bodies of some aboriginal mothers, suggesting that global efforts to reduce pollutants accumulating in Arctic food animals may be paying off.” Free registration required.

U.K.: Bars Prosper and Staff are Healthier After Smoke Ban
Jeremy Laurance (The Independent, London, October 1, 2007)
“When the ban on smoking in public was introduced in July, eradicating the tobacco haze that had hung over England's pubs and clubs for a more than a century, sceptics argued the only impact would be to drive down bar takings.  Three months later the first survey of the effect of the legislation has revealed dramatic improvements in air quality -- and a boost to trade. Smoke-free premises have been good for health -- and business.”

Pennsylvania:  In Tiny Versailles, Big Concern About Toxic Gas Report
Moustafa Ayad (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 2, 2007)
“Versailles residents have known for decades that methane gas was percolating up from hundreds of old gas wells or abandoned mines under their properties.  But the government failed to alert borough officials and residents that hydrogen sulfide also is arising from the depths.  Highly toxic hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs but has no smell at higher concentrations because it paralyzes the olfactory senses. Even at lower concentrations, it can cause eye irritation, tissue damage, unconsciousness, respiratory failure and death.  It also is explosive, said the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.”

Domestic Violence:  Why Abusers Strike During Pregnancy
Hayley Mick (The Globe and Mail, Toronto, October 4, 2007)
“Pregnancy is one of the most dangerous times for women in abusive relationships.  In a Health Canada study, 21 per cent of abused women reported violence during pregnancy, and of those women, 40 per cent said the violence began while they were pregnant.  Homicide is a leading cause of trauma death to pregnant women in the United States.” Free registration required.

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Army Enlists Anthropology in War Zones
By DAVID ROHDE, The New York Times, October 5, 2007

SHABAK VALLEY, Afghanistan — In this isolated Taliban stronghold in eastern Afghanistan, American paratroopers are fielding what they consider a crucial new weapon in counterinsurgency operations here: a soft-spoken civilian anthropologist named Tracy.

Tracy, who asked that her surname not be used for security reasons, is a member of the first Human Terrain Team, an experimental Pentagon program that assigns anthropologists and other social scientists to American combat units in Afghanistan and Iraq. Her team’s ability to understand subtle points of tribal relations — in one case spotting a land dispute that allowed the Taliban to bully parts of a major tribe — has won the praise of officers who say they are seeing concrete results.
Read More )
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Basics: The Ambivalent Bond With a Ball of Fur
By NATALIE ANGIER, The New York Times, October 2, 2007

A couple of weeks ago, while I was out of town on business, our cat, Cleo, died of liver failure. My husband and daughter buried her in the backyard, not far from the grave of our other cat, Manny, who had died just a few months earlier of mouth cancer.

Cleo was almost 16 years old, she’d been sick, and her death was no surprise. Still, when I returned to a home without cats, without pets of any sort, I was startled by my grief — not so much its intensity as its specificity.
Read More )



Fossil DNA Expands Neanderthal Range
By NICHOLAS WADE, The New York Times, October 2, 2007

In the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain and Portugal divided the world outside Europe between them. That was not the first time that two rival groups carved up the globe. More than 50,000 years ago, all the world outside Africa was divided between two archaic human species.

The Neanderthals held sway in Europe and the Near East, bottling up the troublesome ancestors of modern humans in Africa, and Homo erectus dominated East Asia. But a new discovery suggests that this division of the world may not have been quite so clear-cut.
Read More )





Arctic Melt Unnerves the Experts
By ANDREW C. REVKIN, The New York Times, October 2, 2007

The Arctic ice cap shrank so much this summer that waves briefly lapped along two long-imagined Arctic shipping routes, the Northwest Passage over Canada and the Northern Sea Route over Russia.

Over all, the floating ice dwindled to an extent unparalleled in a century or more, by several estimates.

Now the six-month dark season has returned to the North Pole. In the deepening chill, new ice is already spreading over vast stretches of the Arctic Ocean. Astonished by the summer’s changes, scientists are studying the forces that exposed one million square miles of open water — six Californias — beyond the average since satellites started measurements in 1979.
Read More )



Observatory: In a Primitive Tool, Evidence of Trading in the Pacific
By HENRY FOUNTAIN, The New York Times, October 2, 2007

East Polynesia, those remote eastern Pacific islands like Tahiti, the Marquesas and the Tuamotus, was the last part of the planet to be settled, reached by peoples from the western Pacific who voyaged over broad stretches of ocean in canoes, starting about 4,000 years ago.

There has always been a question of how expert these ocean travelers were — whether the voyages were lucky accidents or purposeful expeditions. Most anthropologists think these voyagers knew what they were doing, but no one knows for certain, nor whether there was extensive cross-ocean trading among the islands once they were settled.

But Kenneth D. Collerson and Marshall I. Weisler of the University of Queensland in Australia provide some clues, through a study of old stone adzes found on the Tuamotus.
Read More )
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Harvard World Health News Highlights:

HIV Rise Blamed on Belief in Cure
(BBC News Online, September 22, 2207)
"A false belief among young HIV patients that the virus can be cured is fuelling a rise in infection levels, a specialist has claimed. Dr Veerakathy Harindra says a quarter of his young HIV patients wrongly believe a cure has already been found. This leads them to fail to take adequate precautions to prevent the spread of the virus, he said."

Time to Grow Up
(The Economist, September 20th 2007)
"There can be no surer way of averting a sexually transmitted infection such as AIDS than avoiding sex. That much is obvious…But is it realistic? Those lobbyists argue that a popular alternative -- known in the jargon as ‘abstinence-plus’…is likely to make things worse by encouraging earlier intercourse…Kristen Underhill and her colleagues at the University of Oxford have, over the past few months, been testing it…Their conclusion is…[a]bstinence-only does not work. Abstinence-plus probably does." Free registration required.

Study Finds Brain Problems, Vaccines Not Linked
(Associated Press, September 27, 2007)
"A mercury-based preservative once used in many vaccines does not raise the risk of neurological problems in children, concludes a large federal study that researchers say should reassure parents. The study did not examine autism, however."

Congo: Ebola Outbreak Spreads in DRC Region
(Mail & Guardian, South Africa, September 22, 2007)
“Nine cases of Ebola virus have been confirmed in the West Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that is at the epicentre of an outbreak that has killed at least 174 people, a World Health Organisation (WHO) official said on Friday.”

Allergic Britain: 20 Million Will be Affected as Conditions Approach Epidemic Levels
(The Guardian, London, September 26, 2007)
“Britain is lagging far behind the rest of Europe in its efforts to tackle allergies, which are fast reaching epidemic proportions, according to a report from an influential House of Lords committee. About a third of the UK population will develop an allergy of some sort during the course of their lives, says the report from the science and technology committee, as allergic diseases have trebled in the last 20 years to the point where the UK has one of the highest incidences in the world.” Free registration required.

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Understanding Anorexia: A Thin Excuse
Naomi Hooke (The Independent, London, September 18, 2007)
“As London Fashion Week continues, the controversy surrounding 'size zero' models is once again up for discussion. Prompted by the Madrid ban on models with a BMI below 18.5, fashion capitals around the world have undertaken enquiries into the links between eating disorders and the catwalk. Although any measure to protect models at risk of eating disorders is to be applauded, to believe that the fashion industry causes eating disorders is to completely misunderstand this most complex of illnesses.”

Pain Ratings Fail Sufferers
David Andreatta (The Globe and Mail, Toronto, September 18, 2007)
“It may be a painful truth, but a new study suggests that attempting to measure pain on a scale of 0 to 10 may not help doctors effectively treat the suffering.  The findings, published in the October issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, claim the commonly used numeric rating system failed nearly a third of the time to identify patients whose pain was serious enough to impair their day-to-day functioning.” Free registration required.

Congo's Ebola Outbreak Could Be Worst in Years
(The Washington Post, September 19, 2007)
“International medical personnel and supplies are being airlifted to a remote region of central Congo to combat what threatens to become the world's most serious outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus in years.”

Japan: Global Warming May Bring Dengue Fever to Hokkaido
(The Japan Times, September 16, 2007)
"Global warming could bring dengue fever to the northernmost reaches of Japan by expanding the habitat of mosquitoes, which transmit the virus, a recent study by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases shows."


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Lost in a Million-Year Gap, Solid Clues to Human Origins
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, The New York Times, September 18, 2007

Sometimes the maturity of a field of science can be measured by the heft of its ambition in the face of the next daunting unknown, the mystery yet to be cracked.

Neurobiology probes the circuitry of the brain for the secrets of behaviors and thoughts that make humans human. High-energy physics seeks and may be on the verge of finding the so-called God particle, the Higgs boson thought to endow elementary particles with their mass. Cosmology is confounded by dark matter and dark energy, the pervasive but unidentified stuff that shapes the universe and accelerates its expansion.

In the study of human origins, paleoanthropology stares in frustration back to a dark age from three million to less than two million years ago. The missing mass in this case is the unfound fossils to document just when and under what circumstances our own genus Homo emerged.

The origin of Homo is one of the most intriguing and intractable mysteries in human evolution. New findings only remind scientists that answers to so many of their questions about early Homo probably lie buried in the million-year dark age.
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Scientist at Work | Phung Tuu Boi: Through the Forest, a Clearer View of the Needs of a People
By CHRISTIE ASCHWANDEN, The New York Times, September 18, 2007

A LUOI VALLEY, Vietnam — Phung Tuu Boi reaches down to inspect one of the spiny shrubs lined up in a row before him. A few feet away, a cow grazes serenely in this emerald valley in the hills of central Vietnam.

Mr. Boi, a forester and director of the Center for Assistance in Nature Conservation and Community Development in Hanoi, points to the cow. “See this?” he says. “Very, very bad.”

An invisible poison clings to the soil beneath the cow’s muddy hoofs. During a short stretch of the Vietnam War this patch of ground served as an American Special Forces air base, and while the soldiers departed long ago, a potent dioxin from the Agent Orange that they stored and sprayed here lingers still.

Mr. Boi, a lively, passionate man whose enormous smile rarely leaves his face, has dedicated his career to repairing the ecological damage left by what people here call the American War. And while he has had much success in the last 30 years, his task is far from over.
Read More )



From Ozone Success, a Potential Climate Model
By ANDREW C. REVKIN, The New York Times, September 18, 2007

In 1985, scientists studying the air over Antarctica stumbled on a gaping breach in the billion-year-old atmospheric radiation shield that makes Earth’s surface habitable.

The discovery of a seasonal “hole” in this veil of ozone molecules was so unexpected — “the surprise of the century,” one chemist later called it — that it was presumed to be a data glitch.

It wasn’t. Soon other experts found a connection between the ozone hole and the use of chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, and similar synthetic chemicals in solvents, refrigeration, sprays and the like.

The chemical threat to the ozone layer had been identified in 1974, and industries and governments were planning to shift to safer substitutes. But it took the ozone hole, glaring from satellite images like a purple bruise, to make eliminating such chemicals a global imperative. On Sept. 16, 1987, an initial batch of countries signed the Montreal Protocol, a treaty that has since grown and led to bans on 95 percent of the ozone-eating compounds.

On Sunday, diplomats, scientists and environmentalists gathered in Montreal to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the treaty and to spend a week discussing possible new steps to speed an end to remaining ozone threats.
Read More )

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